– Parsi Charitable Trusts involved in commercial activities pertaining to housing to exercise extra caution! –

The recent judgment of the Supreme Court of India pertaining to commercial or business activities and income from such activities by charitable trusts and institutions enjoying tax exemption is of far-reaching consequences to all trusts, including Parsi charitable trusts. There are some Parsi charitable trusts which enjoy tax exemption but could be seen to be involved in the carrying on of activities in the nature of trade, commerce or business, or activities of rendering service in relation to trade, commerce or business, for a cess or fee or any other consideration. One such activity is HOUSING AND AUCTIONING OF CHARITY FLATS.

In light of the Supreme Court’s latest Judgment, Parsi Charitable Trusts need to assess whether… Is it the object of the trust?… Is such activity undertaken in the course of actual carrying out of such advancement of any other object of general public utility?… The aggregate receipts from such activity or activities during the previous year, do not exceed twenty per cent of the total receipts, of the trust or institution undertaking such activity or activities, of that previous year?… Is the activity ‘profit making’ or at cost or significantly above cost?

On 19^th October, 2022, the Supreme Court of India delivered two judgments of which one was specific to ‘educational’ institutions claiming tax exemption under section 10(23C) of Income tax Act 1961. The other judgment (Supreme Court of India, Civil Appeal No. 21762 OF 2017, Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax (Exemptions) Vs. Ahmadabad Urban Development Authority) pertains to applicability of tax exemption to charitable trusts and institutions engaged in commercial activities in the sixth category of ‘Charitable Purpose’, as laid down under section 2(15) of the Income Tax Act 1961 viz. “the advancement of any other object of general public utility” (GPU) (i.e., charitable activities other than relief of the poor, education, yoga, medical relief, preservation of environment and preservation of monuments or places or objects of artistic or historic interest).

‘Charitable Purpose’ is covered under Section 2(15) of the Income Tax Act 1961 and includes: 1) relief of the poor; 2) education including yoga; 3) medical relief; 4) preservation of environment; 5) preservation of monuments or places or objects of artistic or historic interest; and 6) the advancement of any other object of general public utility.

Housing would fall under the (vi) category i.e., the advancement of any other object of general public utility.

 The Income Tax Act 1961 lays down that “the advancement of any other object of general public utility shall not be considered as charitable purpose, if it involves the carrying on of any activity in the nature of trade, commerce or business, or any activity of rendering any service in relation to any trade, commerce or business, for a cess or fee or any other consideration, irrespective of the nature of use or application, or retention, of the income from such activity, unless: (a) such activity is undertaken in the course of actual carrying out of such advancement of any other object of general public utility; and (b) the aggregate receipts from such activity or activities during the previous year, do not exceed twenty per cent of the total receipts, of the trust or institution undertaking such activity or activities, of that previous year.

Supreme Court interprets Section 2(15)(vi) of Income Tax Act 1961: ‘Commercial activities’ or ‘revenue based activities’ by charitable institutions falling under this category (“the advancement of any other object of general public utility”) has been a contentious topic since the past several years. However, in this recent verdict the Supreme Court of India’s Bench of Chief Justice Uday Umesh Lalit, Justice S. Ravindra Bhat and Justice Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha has attempted to provide the correct interpretation of Section 2(15)(vi) of Income Tax Act 1961. It has observed that the true test is to ask for answers to the following questions:

• Is the object of the assessee (charitable trust, society or section 8 company) one of general public utility?
• Does the advancement of the object involve activities bringing in moneys?
• If so, are such activities undertaken – (i) for profit or (ii) without profit

Even if (a) and (b) are answered affirmatively, if (c)(i) is answered affirmatively, the claim for exemption collapses.

Court’s Clarification: The court has clarified that an assessee advancing general public utility cannot engage itself in any trade, commerce or business, or provide service in relation thereto for any consideration (cess, or fee, or any other consideration). However, in the course of achieving the object of general public utility, the concerned trust, society, or other such organization, can carry on trade, commerce or business or provide services in relation thereto for consideration, provided that: (i) the activities of trade, commerce or business are connected (“actual carrying out…”) to the achievement of its objects of GPU; and (ii) the receipt from such business or commercial activity or service in relation thereto, does not exceed the quantified limit, as amended over the years (Rs. Ten lakhs w.e.f. 01.04.2009; then Rs. Twenty five lakhs w.e.f. 01.04.2012; and now twenty per cent of total receipts of the previous year, w.e.f. 01.04.2016).

The court has clarified that the charging of any amount towards consideration for such an activity (advancing general public utility), which is on cost-basis or nominally above cost, cannot be considered to be “trade, commerce, or business” or any services in relation thereto. It is only when the charges are markedly or significantly above the cost incurred by the assessee in question, that they would fall within the mischief of “cess, or fee, or any other consideration” towards “trade, commerce or business”.

By a liberal interpretation of what the Supreme Court has held, if fees are charged on cost-basis or nominally above cost such income cannot be considered as income from “trade, commerce, or business” “for a cess or fee” and as such may not come under the twenty per cent cap.

However, the Supreme Court has clarified that the conclusions arrived at by way of this judgment, neither precludes any of the assessees (whether statutory, or non-statutory) advancing objects of general public utility, from claiming exemption, nor the taxing authorities from denying exemption, in the future, if the receipts of the relevant year exceed the quantitative limit. The assessing authorities must on a yearly basis, scrutinize the record to discern whether the nature of the assessee’s activities amount to “trade, commerce or business” based on its receipts and income (i.e., whether the amounts charged are on cost-basis, or significantly higher). If it is found that they are in the nature of “trade, commerce or business”, then it must be examined whether the quantified limit (as amended from time to time) in proviso to Section 2(15), has been breached, thus disentitling them to exemption.

Conclusion: We advise all charitable trusts, societies and section 8 Companies falling under the category “the advancement of any other object of general public utility” (this includes several large Parsi charitable trusts) to ensure that their  income from commercial or business activities such as auctioning of charity flats:

1. Is not in violation of the charitable objects of the trust;
2. such activity (of auctioning charity flats) is undertaken in the course of actual carrying out of such advancement of any other object of general public utility;

• Income from such activity remains within the twenty per cent cap laid down u/s 2(15)(vi) of Income Tax Act 1961.

Stay cautious. Better safe than sorry!